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What are the pros and cons of high current charging vs high voltage charging？

Article Source：Kinri Energy | Author：Kinri Energy | Issuing Time：2024.04.17
Fast charging technology refers to the technology that shortens the charging time of devices such as electric vehicles or mobile phones by increasing charging power. The principle of fast charging technology is based on the power formula P=UI, where power equals voltage multiplied by current. To achieve fast charging, it is necessary to increase the charging voltage or current, or both. At present, there are two main fast charging technology solutions on the market: high voltage fast charging and high current fast charging. This article will introduce and compare these two solutions, analyze their advantages, disadvantages, and development trends.



High voltage fast charging

High voltage fast charging refers to a technical solution that improves charging power by increasing charging voltage and reducing charging current. The advantages of high voltage fast charging are lower technical difficulty, lower cost, lower heat generation, and lower requirements for cables and interfaces. The disadvantage of high voltage fast charging is that it requires secondary voltage reduction conversion at the vehicle or mobile phone end, causing energy loss and heat dissipation problems. At the same time, it also puts higher voltage resistance requirements on the components inside the vehicle or mobile phone.

Representatives of high-voltage fast charging include Qualcomm's QC series, MediaTek's PE series, Huawei's SCP series, and so on. These solutions are achieved by reducing 220V AC power to 9V or 12V DC power at the adapter end, and then lowering it to approximately 4.2V (the cutoff charging voltage of lithium-ion batteries) at the vehicle or mobile phone end. At present, the maximum power of these schemes is generally between 18W and 40W.

High current fast charging

High current fast charging refers to a technical solution that increases charging power by increasing the charging current, keeping the charging voltage constant or slightly increasing. The advantage of high current fast charging is that it can directly input approximately 4.2V DC power output from the adapter end to the vehicle or mobile phone end, without the need for secondary conversion, saving energy loss and heat dissipation issues, while also reducing the voltage resistance requirements for components. The disadvantages of high current fast charging are high technical difficulty, high cost, high heat generation, and high requirements for cables and interfaces.

Representatives of high current fast charging include OPPO's VOOC series, OnePlus's DASH series, Huawei's FCP series, and so on. These solutions are achieved by reducing 220V AC power to approximately 4.2V DC power at the adapter end, and then diverting and balancing it at the vehicle or mobile phone end. At present, the maximum power of these schemes is generally between 30W and 65W.

Comparison and Trends

From the above introduction, it can be seen that high voltage fast charging and high current fast charging each have their own advantages and disadvantages, and there is no absolute distinction between good and bad. Generally speaking, high-voltage fast charging is more suitable for devices with lower power requirements, cost sensitivity, and limited heat dissipation space, such as mobile phones, tablets, etc; High current fast charging is more suitable for devices with high power demand, performance pursuit, and large heat dissipation space, such as laptops, game consoles, cars, etc.

With the advancement of technology and market competition, both solutions are constantly improving their performance and optimizing their shortcomings. For example, high-voltage fast charging solutions are developing towards higher voltage levels, such as QC5.0 supporting 20V output and SCP3.0 supporting 66W power; The high current fast charging scheme is adopting technologies such as liquid cooling, diversion, and balance to reduce heat generation and improve efficiency. For example, VOOC5.0 supports 125W power, while DASH2.0 supports 65W power. In addition, some solutions attempt to combine the advantages of two technologies, such as Huawei's SuperCharge technology, which can output high voltage modes of 10V/4A and high current modes of 5V/8A.

In short, fast charging technology is a constantly innovating and evolving technology that brings users a better charging experience and higher life efficiency. In the future, with the emergence of new materials, new architectures, and new standards, fast charging technology will have more possibilities and potential.
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