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BMS and Wireless Technology of Electric Bicycles

Article Source：OFweek power grid | Author：Xinchida Technology | Issuing Time：2023.05.26

Electric bicycles are green, clean, convenient, and low-cost, making them a popular choice for many residents. With the widespread application of electric bicycles, safety accidents caused by issues such as wiring and charging are becoming more common. The capacity, safety factor, health condition, and endurance of electric bicycle batteries have gradually become a focus of attention.

On March 26, 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced that the new mandatory national standard for electric bicycles, "Safety Technical Specifications for Electric Bicycles," was officially implemented on April 15, 2019. Although the country has not yet decided to phase out lead-sealed batteries, the trend of replacing lithium-ion batteries with lead-sealed batteries and intelligentization for electric bicycles has become inevitable. Compared to the widely used lead-sealed batteries in this field, lithium batteries have advantages such as high operating voltage, small size, high energy density, no memory effect, no pollution, small self discharge, and long cycle life. Lithium batteries are composed of numerous lithium cells, which increases the difficulty of managing charging and discharging safety and operations related to battery life, and puts higher requirements on battery management systems (BMS).

Manifestation of BMS functional requirements for electric bicycle application

The BMS system can control the charging and discharging, battery temperature, and balance between individual batteries of electric bicycles. In electric bicycles, the power lithium battery pack, as one of the core components, accounts for a high proportion of manufacturing costs. As the monitoring and management center of the electric bicycle power battery pack, the battery management system must monitor and manage the temperature, voltage, charging and discharging current and other related parameters of the battery pack in real-time and dynamically.

Security requirements

A single over discharge of a lithium battery can cause permanent damage to the battery. In extreme cases, excessive temperature or overcharging of the lithium battery can cause thermal runaway, causing the battery to crack or even explode. Therefore, it is necessary to use BMS to strictly control the entire charging and discharging process to prevent damage to the electric bicycle battery.

In addition, short circuits within batteries are the most troublesome and difficult to identify cause of thermal runaway, and at present, this is also a global challenge in the field of battery safety, which may have serious impacts. Moreover, short circuits within the battery cannot be avoided at the source yet, and the use of the BMS battery management system can quickly identify short circuits within the battery to achieve short circuit protection. Its dual short circuit protection, dual overcurrent, overcharging, and over discharge protection technologies fully ensure the safety of battery use and further extend battery life.

functional requirement

When the battery is running, it is necessary to obtain the SOC (State of Charge) parameter of the battery. The BMS system can use the SOC parameter to analyze the remaining power of the battery. The BMS system will allocate how to charge the battery based on the actual situation of each battery cell, and can stop charging which cell is already full. The operating performance of batteries will also change at different temperatures, and the BMS battery management system can stabilize them in the optimal operating temperature range (25 ℃~40 ℃).

At the same time, in response to the inconsistency formed during the manufacturing and operation of batteries, as well as the changes in capacity and internal resistance with the battery life cycle, BMS can use its electric balance function to improve inconsistency and enhance overall performance.

Wireless Internet of Things technology fully empowers BMS system upgrades

On February 18, 2022, the Science and Technology Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology publicly solicited opinions on the safety requirements for lithium-ion batteries for electric bicycles. The opinion requires China's electric bicycles to add remote monitoring and management functions on top of traditional BMS basic functions, forming a wireless BMS management system. Wireless BMS monitors the health of battery packs in real-time, balances the chemical performance of each cell, optimizes battery performance, optimizes its management status through cloud based applications and algorithms, and provides early warning and remote processing convenience for potential emergencies that the battery may encounter. Wireless BMS brings traditional BMS into the intelligent Internet of Things stage where batteries can be remotely monitored and managed through data acquisition systems, signal transmission systems, cloud based business algorithms and applications, user side apps, and more. Wireless BMS requires remote monitoring and management functions, mainly relying on the LTE CAT1 module,? Implement NB IoT modules, low-power Bluetooth modules, etc.

The LTE Cat 1 series module provides wireless networking services for BMS battery management terminals. With the built-in LTE Cat 1 module, the battery operation status can be uploaded in real-time, achieving full network monitoring of lithium batteries. At the same time, it is backward compatible with 2G, reducing network blind spots. Cat1 is a network standard designed for medium to low bandwidth IoT devices and is an important part of 3GPP Release 8, providing higher data rates than NB IoT technology. BMS remote monitoring system based on NBIOT protocol, the remote control terminal interacts with the NBIOT module through the Internet cloud platform. The Internet cloud platform analyzes, processes and manages the battery status data transmitted from the NB IoT module, and manages the vehicle battery in real time, improving the management efficiency of the vehicle battery. Low power Bluetooth can connect the monitoring and management system vehicle of the intelligent BMS system with the smart phone or the central control panel, and can also use the data communication function of the mobile terminal to connect to the cloud Internet. Download the corresponding software on your phone, and you can intelligently interact with electric bicycles in both directions through the software on your phone. Mobile terminals can not only display the battery voltage, battery temperature, battery health status, etc. monitored by the battery management system, but also display the distance traveled and remaining mileage, and can also achieve the function of searching for vehicles.

Advantages and characteristics of wireless BMS

Intelligent monitoring

The battery data will be transmitted in real-time to the cloud by the wireless communication system, allowing users to clearly understand the battery's operating status even if they are thousands of miles away through the APP. BMS battery intelligent management can comprehensively protect battery safety, constantly detect battery temperature, current, voltage and other data and report them to the platform. Combined with the BMS protection board, it can achieve charging and discharging management, high temperature alarm and other functions. When an abnormality occurs, users will receive real-time abnormal reminders, making it convenient to collect and operate.

Intelligent management

Some parameter adjustments to the BMS that originally required opening the battery removal module now only need to be achieved through the APP. At the same time, it is possible to remotely power off the battery, upgrade firmware, and other operations, greatly saving operating costs. The device can be connected to third-party platforms for data collection and statistics, helping operation and maintenance parties grasp the battery life cycle. It can also perform remote OTA upgrades on the device, achieving convenient and unified management.

Intelligent positioning and anti-theft

By using positioning technology, battery location can be accurately tracked, helping enterprises monitor battery distribution information in real time, effectively reducing the risk of battery loss. It can also share location for battery swapping business and assist the government in location supervision.

Due to the increasing emphasis on safety in the industry and the increasing demand for intelligent experiences from users, wireless BMS, as the driving brain of future electric bicycles, is the key to this industry chain. As a well-known wireless Internet of Things solution provider in China, Shenzhen Xinchida Technology has provided various levels of product technology empowerment for multiple domestic and foreign electric bicycle manufacturers with its specialized RF technology, embedded development, and cloud management system development capabilities.
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