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What are the functions of optocouplers in switching power supplies?

Article Source：Kinri Energy | Author：Kinri Energy | Issuing Time：2023.05.18
Optocoupler is a device that separates input and output circuits through optical isolation. It consists of a light-emitting diode (LED) and a phototransistor (Phototransistor); It has unidirectional signal transmission, thus achieving electrical isolation between the input and output ends, that is, the output signal has no impact on the input end, has strong anti-interference ability, stable working characteristics, high reliability, and high transmission efficiency. It is usually used in switch mode power supply control circuits.


The typical application principle of optocouplers in switching power supplies is to sample from the output end, obtain error signals, and then convert and isolate the signals to the PWM controller of the input IC. By adjusting the PWM duty cycle, high-precision stable voltage output is achieved.

In switch mode power supplies, optocouplers mainly include the following functions:

1. Electrical isolation: Switching power supplies typically require the isolation of input and output circuits to ensure safety and reliability. Optocouplers provide electrical isolation, which can effectively isolate input and output circuits through optical signal transmission, avoiding mutual interference between current and voltage.

2. Control signal isolation: Switching power supplies usually need to receive external control signals to adjust their working status, such as switching, adjusting output voltage, etc. Optocouplers can transmit control signals from the input circuit to the output circuit and achieve isolation to prevent external noise and interference from affecting the control signal.

3. Error detection and protection: In switching power supplies, it is often necessary to monitor output voltage, current, and other key parameters to achieve error detection and protection functions. The optocoupler can transmit these monitoring signals to the control circuit, and through comparison and feedback control, achieve functions such as protection and current limiting for the switching power supply.

4. Feedback control: The feedback control circuit in a switching power supply usually needs to compare the output signal with the reference signal and adjust the working state of the switching components. The optocoupler can transmit the output signal to the feedback control loop to achieve precise feedback control.
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